Research

View published research including books, book chapters, white papers, reports, journal articles, and other documents completed by SC² scientists, as well as other research relevant to the study of Skagit-focused science.

Learn more about SC²’s research vision

For research about climate science broader than the Skagit basin, the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington is an excellent resource with an extensive and searchable database

Diablo After the Flood 2021, Ross Lake National Recreation Area
© Wyatt Mullen

  • 2026: Understanding Current and Future Skagit Flooding Risk Modeling Capabilities Project

    Swinomish Indian Tribal Community, Skagit Climate Science Consortium, Skagit River Cooperative, University of Washington Climate Impacts Group, Northwest Hydraulics Consultants, United States Army Corps of Engineers

    Designed to build upon the best available science to create an updated, climate-informed model of flooding in the Skagit watershed, this project includes a modernized hydraulic model with comprehensive maps, animations and numerous resources to increase shared understanding of Skagit flooding now and in the future.

    VIEW PROJECT PAGE | VIEW REPORT

  • 2023: Efficient modeling of wave generation and propagation in a semi-enclosed estuary, Washington, USA

    Eric E. Grossman, Babak Tehranirad, Cornelis M. Nederhoff, Sean C. Crosby, Andrew W. Stevens, Nathan R. Van Arendonk, Daniel J. Nowacki, Li H. Erikson, and Patrick L. Barnard

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2023: Modeling Extreme Water Levels in the Salish Sea: The Importance of Including Remote Sea Level Anomalies for Application in Hydrodynamic Simulations, Washington, USA

    Eric E. Grossman, Babak Tehranirad, Cornelis M. Nederhoff, Sean C. Crosby, Andrew W. Stevens, Nathan R. Van Arendonk, Daniel J. Nowacki, Li H. Erikson, and Patrick L. Barnard

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2022: Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States: Up­dated Mean Projections and Extreme Water Level Probabilities Along U.S. Coastlines

    NOAA Technical Report NOS 01. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service

    Sweet, W.V., B.D. Hamlington, R.E. Kopp, C.P. Weaver, P.L. Barnard, D. Bekaert, W. Brooks, M. Craghan, G. Dusek, T. Frederikse, G. Garner, A.S. Genz, J.P. Krasting, E. Larour, D. Marcy, J.J. Marra, J. Obeysekera, M. Osler, M. Pendleton, D. Roman, L. Schmied, W. Veatch, K.D. White, and C. Zuzak

    VIEW REPORT

  • 2021: Propagation of the 2014-2016 Northeast Pacific Marine Heatwave Through the Salish Sea, Washington, USA

    Tarang Khangaonkar, Adi Nugraha Su Kyong Yun, Lakshitha Premathilake, Julie E. Keister and Julia Bos

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2020: Sediment transport in a restored, river-influenced Pacific Northwest estuary, Washington, USA

    Daniel J. Nowacki, Eric E. Grossman

    VIEW REPORT

  • 2020: Sediment export and impacts associated with river delta channelization compound estuary vulnerability to sea-level rise, Skagit River Delta, Washington, USA

    E.E. Grossman, A.W Stevens, P. Dartnell, D. George, D. Finlayson

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2018: Climate robust culvert design: Probabilistic estimates of fish passage impediments for Washington State

    Guillame Mauger, Se-Yeun Lee, Jason Won, Kyuhyun Byun and Alan Hamlet

    VIEW REPORT

  • 2018: Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Forage Fish Use of Eelgrass Habitats in a Diked and Channelized Puget Sound River Delta, Washington, USA

    Stephen P. Rubin and Michael C. Hayes and Eric E. Grossman

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2017: Changes in the Climatology, Structure, and Seasonality of Northeast Pacific Atmospheric Rivers in CMIP5 Climate Simulations

    Michael D. Warner and Clifford F. Mass

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2017: Effects of intertidal water crossing structures on estuarine fish and their habitat

    Correigh M. Greene and Jason Hall

    VIEW REPORT

  • 2016: Assessing Tidal Marsh Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise in the Skagit Delta

    W. Gregory Hood, Eric E. Grossman and Curt Veldhuisen

    ABSTRACT | EMAIL TO REQUEST FULL REPORT

  • 2016: Combined Effects of Projected Sea Level Rise, Storm Surge, and Peak River Flows on Water Levels in the Skagit Floodplain.

    Joseph J. Hamman, Alan F. Hamlet, Se-Yeun Lee, Roger Fuller and Eric E. Grossman

    ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2016: Effects of Climate Change on Extreme Low-Flows in Small Lowland Tributaries in the Skagit River Basin

    Matt Stumbaugh and Alan F. Hamlet

    ABSTRACT | EMAIL FOR FULL REPORT

  • 2016: From Glaciers to Estuary: Assessing Climate Change Impacts on the Skagit River Basin, A Series of Six Reports

    In 2015, SC2 scientists collaborated to produce a special issue for Northwest Science focused on climate change in the Skagit river basin. Six papers and an introductory paper can be accessed through the indented list below.

    ACCESS TO THE NORTHWEST SCIENCE WEBSITE HERE 

  • 2016: Impacts of Climate Change on Regulated Streamflow, Hydrologic Extremes, Hydropower Production, and Sediment Discharge in the Skagit River Basin

    Se-Yeun Lee, Alan F. Hamlet and Eric E. Grossman

    ABSTRACT | EMAIL TO REQUEST FULL REPORT

  • 2016: Introduction to the Skagit Issue—From Glaciers to Estuary: Assessing Climate Change Impacts on the Skagit River Basin

    John M. Rybczyk, Alan F. Hamlet, Carol MacIlroy and Larry Wasserman

    READ THE INTRODUCTION HERE

  • 2016: Sediment load and distribution in the lower Skagit River, Skagit County, Washington

    Christopher A. Curran, Eric E. Grossman, Mark C, Mastin, and Raegan L. Huffman

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2016: Sensitivity of Circulation in the Skagit River Estuary to Sea Level Rise and Future Flows

    Tarang Khangaonkar, Wen Long, Brandon Sackmann, Teizeen Mohamedali and Alan F. Hamlet

    ABSTRACT | EMAIL TO REQUEST FULL REPORT

  • 2015: Changes in Winter Atmospheric Rivers along the North American West Coast in CMIP5 Climate Models

    Michael D. Warner, Clifford F. Mass, and Eric P. Salathé Jr.

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2015: Estimating continuous body size-based shifts in δ15N-δ13C space using multivariate hierarchical models

    Jonathan C. P. Reum, Rachel A. Hovel, and Correigh M. Greene

    VIEW ABSTRACT | EMAIL TO REQUEST FULL REPORT

  • 2015: Forty years of change in forage fish and jellyfish abundance across greater Puget Sound, Washington (USA): Anthropogenic and climate associations

    Correigh Greene, Lauren Kuehne, Casimir Rice, Kurt Fresh, and Daniel Penttila

    VIEW ABSTRACT | EMAIL TO REQUEST FULL REPORT

  • 2015: Geographic variation in Puget Sound tidal channel planform geometry

  • 2015: Glacier status and contribution to streamflow in the Olympic Mountains, Washington

    J.L. Riedel, Steve Wilson, William Baccus, Michael Larrabee, T.J. Fudge, and Andrew Fountain

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  • 2015: Hydrologic Impacts of Climate Change in the Skagit River Basin

    Christina Bandaragoda, Chris Frans, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Crystal Raymond and Larry Wasserman

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  • 2015: Predicting the number, orientation, and spacing of dike breaches for tidal marsh restoration

  • 2015: Spatial and temporal patterns in smolt survival of wild and hatchery Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Salish Sea

    Mara S. Zimmerman, James R. Irvine, Meghan O'Neill, Joseph H. Anderson, Correigh M. Greene, Joshua Weinheimer, Marc Trudel & Kit Rawson

    VIEW ABSTRACT | EMAIL TO REQUEST FULL REPORT

  • 2015: Widespread detection of human- and ruminant-origin Bacteroidales markers in subtidal waters of the Salish Sea in Washington State

    Zack Oyafuso, Anne E. Baxter, Jason E. Hall, Sean M. Naman, Correigh M. Greene, and Linda D. Rhodes

    VIEW ABSTRACT | EMAIL TO REQUEST FULL REPORT

  • 2014: Differences in tidal channel network geometry between reference marshes and marshes restored by historical dike breaching

  • 2014: Estimates of Twenty-First-Century Flood Risk in the Pacific Northwest Based on Regional Climate Model Simulations

    Eric P. Salathé Jr., Alan F. Hamlet, Clifford F. Mass, Se-Yeun Lee, Matt Stumbaugh, and Richard Steed

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2013: Applying and testing a predictive vegetation model to management of the invasive cattail, Typha angustifolia, in an oligohaline tidal marsh reveals priority effects caused by non-stationarity

    W. Gregory Hood

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  • 2013: Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the North Cascades region, Washington

    Raymond, C.L.; Peterson, D.L.; Rochefort, R.M. 20xx.

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2013: Estimating Effects of Tidal Power Projects and Climate Change on Threatened and Endangered Marine Species and Their Food Web

    D. Shallin Busch, Correigh M. Greene and Thomas P. Good

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2013: The North Cascadia Adaptation Partnership: A Science-Management Collaboration for Responding to Climate Change

    Crystal L. Raymond, David L. Peterson and Regina M. Rochefort

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2013: Suspended-Sediment Concentration in the Sauk River, Washington, Water Years 2012-13

    Christopher A. Curran, Scott Morris, and James R. Foreman

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2012: Arrival and Expansion of the Invasive Foraminifera Trochammina hadai Uchio in Padilla Bay, Washington.

    Northwest Science, 86(1): 9-26

    McGann, M., Grossman, E.E., Takesue, R.K., Penttila, D., Walsh, J.P., Corbett, R.

    VIEW REPORT

  • 2012: Beaver in tidal marshes: Dam effects on low-tide channel pools and fish use of estuarine habitat

  • 2012: Biological and Physical Effects of “Fish-Friendly” Tide Gates

    Correigh Greene, Jason Hall, Eric Beamer, Rich Henderson, and Bruce Brown

    VIEW ABSTRACT |  VIEW REPORT

  • 2012: EPA and the U.S. Geological Survey Publish a Guide for Identifying Cold-Water Refuges to Protect and Restore Thermal Diversity in Riverine Landscapes

    Christian Torgersen

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2012: Latest Pleistocene and Holocene Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Baker, Washington

    Gerald Osborn, Brian Menounos, Chamone Ryane, Jon Riedel, John J. Clague, Johannes Koch, Douglas Clark, Kevin Scott, and P. Thompson Davis

    VIEW ABSTRACT |  EMAIL TO REQUEST FULL REPORT

  • 2012: Pacific Coast Tidal Wetlands

    J.C. Callaway, A.B. Borde, H.L. Diefenderfer, V. Thomas Parker, J.M. Rybczyk, and R.M. Thom

    EMAIL TO REQUEST FULL REPORT

  • 2012: Sea Level Rise report for California, Oregon and Washington

    National Academy of Science

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2012: Simulation of annual biogeochemical cycles of nutrient balance, phytoplankton bloom(s), and DO in Puget Sound using an unstructured grid model

    Tarang Khangaonkar, Brandon Sackmann, Wen Long, Teizeen Mohamedali, Mindy Roberts

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2011: Multiscale influence of climate on estuarine forage fish: the role of coastal upwelling, river discharge and local water temperature and salinities

    MEPS 425: 203–215

    Jonathan Reum, Tim Essington, Correigh Greene, Casey Rice, Kurt Fresh

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2011: Nearshore ecosystem predictors of a bacterial infection in juvenile Chinook salmon

    MEPS 432: 161–172

    Linda Rhodes, Casey Rice, Correigh Greene, Shelly Nance, Paul Moran, Collen Durkin, Surafel Gezhegne

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2011: Sediment Load from Major Rivers in Puget Sound and its Adjacent Waters

    U.S. Geological Survey Fact-Sheet 2011–3083, 4 p.

    Czuba, J.A., Magirl, C.S., Czuba, C.R., Grossman, E.E., Curran, C.A., Gendaszek, A.S., and Dinicola, R.S. (In Layout)

    VIEW ABSTRACT   |   VIEW REPORT

  • 2011: Shallow stratigraphy of the Skagit River Delta, Washington, USA derived from sediment cores

    USGS Open File Report 2011-1194

    Grossman, E.E., George, D.A., Lam, A. (2011).

    VIEW ABSTRACT  |  VIEW REPORT

  • 2011: Skagit River Basin Climate Science Report, a summary report prepared for Skagit County and the Envision Skagit Project

    The Department of Civil Environmental Engineering and The Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington

    Lee, Se-Yeun, A.F. Hamlet.

    VIEW REPORT

  • 2010: Beamer Yearling Chinook Habitat Study

    Eric Beamer, Jon-Paul Shannahan, Karen Wolf, Erin Lowery, David Pflug

    VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT

  • 2010: Contrasting life cycle impacts of stream flow on two Chinook salmon populations

    Hydrobiologia, 655: 171-188.

    David Arthaud, Correigh Greene, Kim Guilbault, Jim Morrow

    VIEW ABSTRACT | EMAIL TO REQUEST A COPY

  • 2010: Freshwater Habitat Rearing Preferences for Stream Type Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Steelhead (O.mykiss) in the Skagit River Basin: Phase 1 Study Report

    Eric Beamer, Jon-Paul Shannahan, Karen Wolf, Erin Lowery, David Pflug

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  • 2010: Improved viability of populations with diverse life history portfolios

    Biology Letters 6: 382-386

    Correigh Greene, Jason Hall, Kim Guilbault, Tom Quinn

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  • 2010: North Cascades Research Brief: Glaciers.

    National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, North Cascades National Park Complex

    Jon Riedel

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  • 2010: Seattle City Light Climate Change Analysis

    Prepared for The City of Seattle, Seattle City Light

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  • 2010: Timing and extent of Evans Creek stade alpine glaciation in Skagit valley, Washington

    Jon L. Riedel, John J. Clague, Brent C. Ward

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  • 2009: A 350-Year Reconstruction of the Response of South Cascade Glacierto Interannual and Interdecadal Climatic Variability

    Kailey Marcinkowski and David L. Peterson

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  • 2009: North Cascades National Park Complex Glacier Mass Balance Monitoring Annual Report, Water Year 2009

    Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCCN/NRTR—2011/483

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  • 2007: Geomorphology of a Cordilleran Ice Sheet drainage network through breached divides in the North Cascades Mountains of Washington and British Columbia

    Jon L. Riedel, Ralph Haugerud, and John J. Clague

    VIEW ABSTRACTEMAIL TO REQUEST A COPY

  • 2007: Nearshore circulation and water column properties in the Skagit River Delta, northern Puget Sound, Washington - Juvenile Chinook salmon habitat availability in the Swinomish Channel:

    USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5120, 96p.

    Grossman, E.E., Stevens, A, Gelfenbaum, G, and Curran, C. 2007

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  • 2006: Gradients in habitat heterogeneity, productivity, and diversity at tributary junctions

    Canadian Journal Of Fisheries And Aquatic Sciences 63: 2518-2530

    Peter Kiffney, Correigh Greene, Jason Hall and Jeremy Davies

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  • 2006: Incorporating parameter uncertainty into evaluations of spawning habitat limitations on Chinook salmon populations

    Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 63: 1242-1250

    Peter Kiffney, Correigh Greene, Jason Hall, Jeremy Davies

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  • 2005: Effects of environmental conditions during stream, estuary, and ocean residency on Chinook salmon return rates in the Skagit River, WA

    Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 134: 1562-1581

    Correigh Greene, David Jensen, George Pess, Ashley Steel

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  • 2005: Effects of temperature and precipitation variability on snowpack trends in the western U.S.

    Journal of Climate, 18 (21): 4545-4561

    Hamlet, A.F., Mote, P.W, Clark, M.P., Lettenmaier, D.P.

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  • 2004: Consequences of potential density-dependent mechanisms on recovery of ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

    Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61: 590-602.

    Correigh Greene and Tim Beechie

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  • 2009: Sediment Load and Distribution in the Lower Skagit River

    Curran, C., Grossman, E., Mastin, M. and Huffman, R.

    VIEW ABSTRACT   |   EMAIL TO REQUEST A COPY

  • 2009: The Benchmark Glacier Concept- does it work? Lessons from the North Cascade Range, USA

    Andrew G. Fountain, Matthew J. Hoffman, Frank Granshaw, and Jon Riedel

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  • 2001: Spatial variability of glacier mass balance in the North Cascades, Washington 1984-2000

    Mauri S. Pelto and Jon Riedel

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  • 1999: Deposition of Mount Mazama tephra in a landslide dammed lake on the upper Skagit River, Washington

    Jon L. Riedel, P.T. Pringle, and R.L. Schuster

    VIEW ABSTRACT|  EMAIL TO REQUEST A COPY

  • 1946: Low-flow Characteristics of Streams in the Puget Sound Region, Washington

    F.T. Hidaka

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