Research
View published research including books, book chapters, white papers, reports, journal articles, and other documents completed by SC² scientists, as well as other research relevant to the study of Skagit-focused science.
Learn more about SC²’s research vision
For research about climate science broader than the Skagit basin, the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington is an excellent resource with an extensive and searchable database
Diablo After the Flood 2021, Ross Lake National Recreation Area
© Wyatt Mullen
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2026: Understanding Current and Future Skagit Flooding Risk Modeling Capabilities Project
Swinomish Indian Tribal Community, Skagit Climate Science Consortium, Skagit River Cooperative, University of Washington Climate Impacts Group, Northwest Hydraulics Consultants, United States Army Corps of Engineers
Designed to build upon the best available science to create an updated, climate-informed model of flooding in the Skagit watershed, this project includes a modernized hydraulic model with comprehensive maps, animations and numerous resources to increase shared understanding of Skagit flooding now and in the future.
VIEW PROJECT PAGE | VIEW REPORT
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2023: Efficient modeling of wave generation and propagation in a semi-enclosed estuary, Washington, USA
Eric E. Grossman, Babak Tehranirad, Cornelis M. Nederhoff, Sean C. Crosby, Andrew W. Stevens, Nathan R. Van Arendonk, Daniel J. Nowacki, Li H. Erikson, and Patrick L. Barnard
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2023: Modeling Extreme Water Levels in the Salish Sea: The Importance of Including Remote Sea Level Anomalies for Application in Hydrodynamic Simulations, Washington, USA
Eric E. Grossman, Babak Tehranirad, Cornelis M. Nederhoff, Sean C. Crosby, Andrew W. Stevens, Nathan R. Van Arendonk, Daniel J. Nowacki, Li H. Erikson, and Patrick L. Barnard
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2022: Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States: Updated Mean Projections and Extreme Water Level Probabilities Along U.S. Coastlines
NOAA Technical Report NOS 01. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service
Sweet, W.V., B.D. Hamlington, R.E. Kopp, C.P. Weaver, P.L. Barnard, D. Bekaert, W. Brooks, M. Craghan, G. Dusek, T. Frederikse, G. Garner, A.S. Genz, J.P. Krasting, E. Larour, D. Marcy, J.J. Marra, J. Obeysekera, M. Osler, M. Pendleton, D. Roman, L. Schmied, W. Veatch, K.D. White, and C. Zuzak
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2021: Propagation of the 2014-2016 Northeast Pacific Marine Heatwave Through the Salish Sea, Washington, USA
Tarang Khangaonkar, Adi Nugraha Su Kyong Yun, Lakshitha Premathilake, Julie E. Keister and Julia Bos
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2020: Sediment transport in a restored, river-influenced Pacific Northwest estuary, Washington, USA
Daniel J. Nowacki, Eric E. Grossman
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2020: Sediment export and impacts associated with river delta channelization compound estuary vulnerability to sea-level rise, Skagit River Delta, Washington, USA
E.E. Grossman, A.W Stevens, P. Dartnell, D. George, D. Finlayson
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2018: Climate robust culvert design: Probabilistic estimates of fish passage impediments for Washington State
Guillame Mauger, Se-Yeun Lee, Jason Won, Kyuhyun Byun and Alan Hamlet
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2018: Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Forage Fish Use of Eelgrass Habitats in a Diked and Channelized Puget Sound River Delta, Washington, USA
Stephen P. Rubin and Michael C. Hayes and Eric E. Grossman
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2017: Changes in the Climatology, Structure, and Seasonality of Northeast Pacific Atmospheric Rivers in CMIP5 Climate Simulations
Michael D. Warner and Clifford F. Mass
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2017: Effects of intertidal water crossing structures on estuarine fish and their habitat
Correigh M. Greene and Jason Hall
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2016: Assessing Tidal Marsh Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise in the Skagit Delta
W. Gregory Hood, Eric E. Grossman and Curt Veldhuisen
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2016: Combined Effects of Projected Sea Level Rise, Storm Surge, and Peak River Flows on Water Levels in the Skagit Floodplain.
Joseph J. Hamman, Alan F. Hamlet, Se-Yeun Lee, Roger Fuller and Eric E. Grossman
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2016: Effects of Climate Change on Extreme Low-Flows in Small Lowland Tributaries in the Skagit River Basin
Matt Stumbaugh and Alan F. Hamlet
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2016: From Glaciers to Estuary: Assessing Climate Change Impacts on the Skagit River Basin, A Series of Six Reports
In 2015, SC2 scientists collaborated to produce a special issue for Northwest Science focused on climate change in the Skagit river basin. Six papers and an introductory paper can be accessed through the indented list below.
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2016: Impacts of Climate Change on Regulated Streamflow, Hydrologic Extremes, Hydropower Production, and Sediment Discharge in the Skagit River Basin
Se-Yeun Lee, Alan F. Hamlet and Eric E. Grossman
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2016: Introduction to the Skagit Issue—From Glaciers to Estuary: Assessing Climate Change Impacts on the Skagit River Basin
John M. Rybczyk, Alan F. Hamlet, Carol MacIlroy and Larry Wasserman
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2016: Sediment load and distribution in the lower Skagit River, Skagit County, Washington
Christopher A. Curran, Eric E. Grossman, Mark C, Mastin, and Raegan L. Huffman
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2016: Sensitivity of Circulation in the Skagit River Estuary to Sea Level Rise and Future Flows
Tarang Khangaonkar, Wen Long, Brandon Sackmann, Teizeen Mohamedali and Alan F. Hamlet
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2015: Changes in Winter Atmospheric Rivers along the North American West Coast in CMIP5 Climate Models
Michael D. Warner, Clifford F. Mass, and Eric P. Salathé Jr.
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2015: Estimating continuous body size-based shifts in δ15N-δ13C space using multivariate hierarchical models
Jonathan C. P. Reum, Rachel A. Hovel, and Correigh M. Greene
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2015: Forty years of change in forage fish and jellyfish abundance across greater Puget Sound, Washington (USA): Anthropogenic and climate associations
Correigh Greene, Lauren Kuehne, Casimir Rice, Kurt Fresh, and Daniel Penttila
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2015: Geographic variation in Puget Sound tidal channel planform geometry
W. Gregory Hood
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2015: Glacier status and contribution to streamflow in the Olympic Mountains, Washington
J.L. Riedel, Steve Wilson, William Baccus, Michael Larrabee, T.J. Fudge, and Andrew Fountain
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2015: Hydrologic Impacts of Climate Change in the Skagit River Basin
Christina Bandaragoda, Chris Frans, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Crystal Raymond and Larry Wasserman
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2015: Predicting the number, orientation, and spacing of dike breaches for tidal marsh restoration
W. Gregory Hood
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2015: Spatial and temporal patterns in smolt survival of wild and hatchery Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Salish Sea
Mara S. Zimmerman, James R. Irvine, Meghan O'Neill, Joseph H. Anderson, Correigh M. Greene, Joshua Weinheimer, Marc Trudel & Kit Rawson
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2015: Widespread detection of human- and ruminant-origin Bacteroidales markers in subtidal waters of the Salish Sea in Washington State
Zack Oyafuso, Anne E. Baxter, Jason E. Hall, Sean M. Naman, Correigh M. Greene, and Linda D. Rhodes
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2014: Differences in tidal channel network geometry between reference marshes and marshes restored by historical dike breaching
W. Gregory Hood
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2014: Estimates of Twenty-First-Century Flood Risk in the Pacific Northwest Based on Regional Climate Model Simulations
Eric P. Salathé Jr., Alan F. Hamlet, Clifford F. Mass, Se-Yeun Lee, Matt Stumbaugh, and Richard Steed
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2013: Applying and testing a predictive vegetation model to management of the invasive cattail, Typha angustifolia, in an oligohaline tidal marsh reveals priority effects caused by non-stationarity
W. Gregory Hood
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2013: Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the North Cascades region, Washington
Raymond, C.L.; Peterson, D.L.; Rochefort, R.M. 20xx.
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2013: Estimating Effects of Tidal Power Projects and Climate Change on Threatened and Endangered Marine Species and Their Food Web
D. Shallin Busch, Correigh M. Greene and Thomas P. Good
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2013: The North Cascadia Adaptation Partnership: A Science-Management Collaboration for Responding to Climate Change
Crystal L. Raymond, David L. Peterson and Regina M. Rochefort
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2013: Suspended-Sediment Concentration in the Sauk River, Washington, Water Years 2012-13
Christopher A. Curran, Scott Morris, and James R. Foreman
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2012: Arrival and Expansion of the Invasive Foraminifera Trochammina hadai Uchio in Padilla Bay, Washington.
Northwest Science, 86(1): 9-26
McGann, M., Grossman, E.E., Takesue, R.K., Penttila, D., Walsh, J.P., Corbett, R.
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2012: Beaver in tidal marshes: Dam effects on low-tide channel pools and fish use of estuarine habitat
W. Gregory Hood
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2012: Biological and Physical Effects of “Fish-Friendly” Tide Gates
Correigh Greene, Jason Hall, Eric Beamer, Rich Henderson, and Bruce Brown
VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT
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2012: EPA and the U.S. Geological Survey Publish a Guide for Identifying Cold-Water Refuges to Protect and Restore Thermal Diversity in Riverine Landscapes
Christian Torgersen
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2012: Latest Pleistocene and Holocene Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Baker, Washington
Gerald Osborn, Brian Menounos, Chamone Ryane, Jon Riedel, John J. Clague, Johannes Koch, Douglas Clark, Kevin Scott, and P. Thompson Davis
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2012: Pacific Coast Tidal Wetlands
J.C. Callaway, A.B. Borde, H.L. Diefenderfer, V. Thomas Parker, J.M. Rybczyk, and R.M. Thom
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2012: Sea Level Rise report for California, Oregon and Washington
National Academy of Science
VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT
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2012: Simulation of annual biogeochemical cycles of nutrient balance, phytoplankton bloom(s), and DO in Puget Sound using an unstructured grid model
Tarang Khangaonkar, Brandon Sackmann, Wen Long, Teizeen Mohamedali, Mindy Roberts
VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT
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2011: Multiscale influence of climate on estuarine forage fish: the role of coastal upwelling, river discharge and local water temperature and salinities
MEPS 425: 203–215
Jonathan Reum, Tim Essington, Correigh Greene, Casey Rice, Kurt Fresh
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2011: Nearshore ecosystem predictors of a bacterial infection in juvenile Chinook salmon
MEPS 432: 161–172
Linda Rhodes, Casey Rice, Correigh Greene, Shelly Nance, Paul Moran, Collen Durkin, Surafel Gezhegne
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2011: Sediment Load from Major Rivers in Puget Sound and its Adjacent Waters
U.S. Geological Survey Fact-Sheet 2011–3083, 4 p.
Czuba, J.A., Magirl, C.S., Czuba, C.R., Grossman, E.E., Curran, C.A., Gendaszek, A.S., and Dinicola, R.S. (In Layout)
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2011: Shallow stratigraphy of the Skagit River Delta, Washington, USA derived from sediment cores
USGS Open File Report 2011-1194
Grossman, E.E., George, D.A., Lam, A. (2011).
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2011: Skagit River Basin Climate Science Report, a summary report prepared for Skagit County and the Envision Skagit Project
The Department of Civil Environmental Engineering and The Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington
Lee, Se-Yeun, A.F. Hamlet.
VIEW REPORT
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2010: Beamer Yearling Chinook Habitat Study
Eric Beamer, Jon-Paul Shannahan, Karen Wolf, Erin Lowery, David Pflug
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2010: Contrasting life cycle impacts of stream flow on two Chinook salmon populations
Hydrobiologia, 655: 171-188.
David Arthaud, Correigh Greene, Kim Guilbault, Jim Morrow
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2010: Freshwater Habitat Rearing Preferences for Stream Type Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Steelhead (O.mykiss) in the Skagit River Basin: Phase 1 Study Report
Eric Beamer, Jon-Paul Shannahan, Karen Wolf, Erin Lowery, David Pflug
VIEW ABSTRACT | VIEW REPORT
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2010: Improved viability of populations with diverse life history portfolios
Biology Letters 6: 382-386
Correigh Greene, Jason Hall, Kim Guilbault, Tom Quinn
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2010: North Cascades Research Brief: Glaciers.
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, North Cascades National Park Complex
Jon Riedel
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2010: Seattle City Light Climate Change Analysis
Prepared for The City of Seattle, Seattle City Light
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2010: Timing and extent of Evans Creek stade alpine glaciation in Skagit valley, Washington
Jon L. Riedel, John J. Clague, Brent C. Ward
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2009: A 350-Year Reconstruction of the Response of South Cascade Glacierto Interannual and Interdecadal Climatic Variability
Kailey Marcinkowski and David L. Peterson
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2009: North Cascades National Park Complex Glacier Mass Balance Monitoring Annual Report, Water Year 2009
Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCCN/NRTR—2011/483
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2007: Geomorphology of a Cordilleran Ice Sheet drainage network through breached divides in the North Cascades Mountains of Washington and British Columbia
Jon L. Riedel, Ralph Haugerud, and John J. Clague
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2007: Nearshore circulation and water column properties in the Skagit River Delta, northern Puget Sound, Washington - Juvenile Chinook salmon habitat availability in the Swinomish Channel:
USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5120, 96p.
Grossman, E.E., Stevens, A, Gelfenbaum, G, and Curran, C. 2007
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2006: Gradients in habitat heterogeneity, productivity, and diversity at tributary junctions
Canadian Journal Of Fisheries And Aquatic Sciences 63: 2518-2530
Peter Kiffney, Correigh Greene, Jason Hall and Jeremy Davies
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2006: Incorporating parameter uncertainty into evaluations of spawning habitat limitations on Chinook salmon populations
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 63: 1242-1250
Peter Kiffney, Correigh Greene, Jason Hall, Jeremy Davies
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2005: Effects of environmental conditions during stream, estuary, and ocean residency on Chinook salmon return rates in the Skagit River, WA
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 134: 1562-1581
Correigh Greene, David Jensen, George Pess, Ashley Steel
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2005: Effects of temperature and precipitation variability on snowpack trends in the western U.S.
Journal of Climate, 18 (21): 4545-4561
Hamlet, A.F., Mote, P.W, Clark, M.P., Lettenmaier, D.P.
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2004: Consequences of potential density-dependent mechanisms on recovery of ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61: 590-602.
Correigh Greene and Tim Beechie
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2009: Sediment Load and Distribution in the Lower Skagit River
Curran, C., Grossman, E., Mastin, M. and Huffman, R.
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2009: The Benchmark Glacier Concept- does it work? Lessons from the North Cascade Range, USA
Andrew G. Fountain, Matthew J. Hoffman, Frank Granshaw, and Jon Riedel
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2001: Spatial variability of glacier mass balance in the North Cascades, Washington 1984-2000
Mauri S. Pelto and Jon Riedel
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1999: Deposition of Mount Mazama tephra in a landslide dammed lake on the upper Skagit River, Washington
Jon L. Riedel, P.T. Pringle, and R.L. Schuster
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1946: Low-flow Characteristics of Streams in the Puget Sound Region, Washington
F.T. Hidaka